I grow a cucurbit commonly known as 'Mouse Melons' ( Melothria scabra )and the cucumber worms raise heck on them when not treated. The easiest, effective treatment I have found is simply Bt aka Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, aka Dipel. It is an OMRI approved natural, bacterial predator of the cucumber worm...essentially, it works for all caterpillar. It comes in various modes for application....a powder for dusting, a wettable powder for spraying or a liquid form ( Thuricide ) also for spraying. Personally, I prefer the wettable powder ( Dipel Pro ) as you get better coverage than using a dust and I add a Safer Soap type product to increase the sticking power, and the soap will also kill the moth laying the eggs. Thuricide can be used similarly and is available at the big box stores....but tends to be more costly per application.
Use it prophylactically on a weekly basis....or after a heavy rain and I suspect your undamaged harvest will increase markedly. The other alternative I am aware of is a newer, naturally derived, OMNI approved product with a Spinosad base. They work great, but for a home gardener, are way pricier. Last I bought was $120 a pint(?), but you use only .25 tsp per gallon to mix. Was economical when I was doing waterlilies commercially, as it is approved for aquatic applications, but probably overkill for a few cucumber plants. < g >
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Craig